relative measurement - a measurement that is linked to the size of type being used ex. type size, em, en, leading
point - the unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font
pica - unit of measure in a layout. its typically 24 between each element
em / em dash - a linear unit of 1/6 inch used when printing; used to define basic spacing functions in typesetting such as paragraphs, indents, and spacing linked to the size of type. The dash is the same size as the type. ex. 16pt type has 16 pt em.
en / en dash - relative measurement; half the width of an em space. ex. in 16pt type it would be 8 points.
legibility - the ease with which the eye can identify letters, and distinguish them from one another
rag - when left justified copy causes ragged ends on the right; can create gaps, overhanging text, slopes or inclines
type alignments
Flush - all to one side, (-) informal and asymmetrical (+) harmony and consistent word space
Justified - (+) creates even margins (-) carries space between words
Centered - (+) good in design of one in formal context (-) harder to read, reduces legibility
word spacing -
rivers - separations of words that leaves gaps between several lines
indent - space used to introduce a new paragraph
leading - space between one baseline to the next
kerning - space between each letter (kerning pairs are made to create rhythm and enhance legibility
tracking - adjusting the overall space between letters rather than the space between the 2 characters
weight - bold, book. medium or demi choices; different for eacah typeface
scale - increase in point size, larger has more emphasis (need to increase by 2pts to be noticeable)
typographic variation - use of different typefaces, sizes, and weights to determine hierarchy and clarity of specific words
orphan - the last 1-2 lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column
widow - a word at the end of the paragraph left hanging alone
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